Spots:蛇頭山荷蘭城遺址
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From PHSea
- 名稱：蛇頭山荷蘭城遺址
遺址的說明牌
- 位置：蛇頭山
- 介紹1：
風櫃尾荷蘭城堡，明天啟二年（西元一六二二年）由荷蘭人所興建，為全臺最早完成之西式城堡，位於馬公風櫃尾所突出的小半島上，俗稱「蛇頭山」，與馬公半島共同扼守馬公灣，具有相當重要的戰略地位，頗具文化、歷史價值。
自西元十六世紀初，西方海權國家勢力東漸以後，荷蘭人佔領東印度群島，設立東印度公司，派兵貿易，想和中國沿海「互市」，但因和朝庭沒有外交關係，因而覬覦澎湖，由荷蘭艦隊司令官雷爾生於明熹宗天啟二年（西元一六二二年）率領軍艦十二艘，兵一０二四人，於七月十一日清晨侵入媽宮港，登陸風櫃尾，居民反抗被殺三十六人，八月勘察地理形勢後，奴役澎民數千，自海中取石建築風櫃尾、紅木袁、瓦硐等三處紅毛城，迄今僅存「風櫃尾荷蘭城堡」尚有殘蹟可供查考，餘已不復見、且無跡可尋。
依據西元一六二三年所繪「澎湖港口圖」及史料記載，「風櫃尾荷蘭城堡」為典型的歐洲小型城堡，平面呈正方形，長、寬個為五十五公尺左右，城牆高約七公尺，其四角正對著、東、南、西、北四個方位，該堡係以土壟圍繞四周，上鋪草皮，以做為掩體，西南面的城垣因鄰接風櫃半島，其外側以石料及石灰築成，土垣之外為一道乾壕溝，其餘的三面臨接海洋，土垣的外側以木板圍成，木料來自日本、巴達維與及廢船。在城堡的四個角上各有一往外突出的稜堡，分稱東、南、西、北稜堡，在上述稜堡上共安置二十九門大砲。
明天啟四年（西元一六二四年）正月，南居益決心驅除荷蘭人，派遊擊王夢熊至澎，築鎮海城為前哨。又派總兵俞咨率領俞應龍、孫國禎等攻澎。南居益增兵於海中接應。六月十五日明軍會師進攻，荷軍抵抗失利。戰爭激烈，燬風櫃尾荷軍砲樓、荷軍投降、協商條件，荷軍必順拆除紅毛城，准許退回臺南。
清康熙二十二年（西元一六八三年），傳清將施琅將攻澎，明鄭將領劉國軒赴澎整修包括該堡在內之十二座砲臺。
臺灣、澎湖入清以後，該堡似繼續被做為砲臺使用，齊康熙五十六年（西元一七一七年）曾加以整修，並增設墩臺一座，營房數棟，持續至清末。
清光緒十年（西元一八八四年）一月，因中法之間戰雲密布，劉璈緊急整修該砲臺及西嶼砲臺，翌年三月，法軍攻擊臺北失利，將軍艦調往澎湖，二十九日七時艦隊航入澎湖灣，該砲臺曾發砲攻擊，約八時許守軍即宣告棄守。
清光緒二十一年（西元一八九五年，己乙末，日本伊東福亨中將、進攻澎湖，三日佔據澎湖，該堡似乎一直充做砲臺（或稱砲陣地）之用，迄民國三十四年（西元一九四五年）臺灣光復後，該堡即任其荒廢，未再做砲臺使用。
資料來源：澎湖時報
- 介紹2：
暗澳天啟城：據明史卷九十一，兵志三，海防云：「天啟中，築城於澎湖。設游擊一，把總二，統兵三千，建砲台以守」。就是天啟四年（公元一六二四年）南居益趕荷人雷爾生走後，在隱澳（即暗澳）築城是為天啟城。紅毛城：從此可知依南居益善後規劃，荷蘭所築風櫃尾毀城，曾修復利用，並在穩澳築城，案山、西安各建銃城，設防駐兵。
又顧祖禹撰讀史方輿記要卷九十九福建「彭湖嶼」項所錄有關澎湖防戍情形，與皇明世法錄大致相同，可能利用一資料來源。從這些記載，我們可以知道驅荷善後所規劃的設施，而驅荷銃所建明城是在穩澳，另新築西安、案山二銃台，並修復利用風櫃尾為銃台，計有三座銃台。
本文即利用明實錄、明內閣大庫殘餘檔案等明季當代資料與荷蘭文獻和古地圖比對，訂正一些明史等書的錯誤，荷蘭人在澎湖建造的「紅毛城」是位於風櫃尾的蛇頭山上，而台灣各方志和民間所流傳所謂「紅毛城」，其實是驅逐「紅毛」後，規劃善後，於天啟五、六年間所構築的明城。
村上直次郎與包樂史兩位博士，於一九三二年和一九七二年分別往訪風櫃尾，查勘紅毛城的墟址，均稱尚能看出城璧與四隅稜角。此遺址是荷蘭人在台澎地區最早構築的城堡，不但對台灣早期歷史，更對明末中西交涉史和十七世紀歐洲海外擴展史上均具有很大歷史意義。
資料來源：澎湖開拓史學術研討會 P.131~157
